Dryden Essay on dramatic poesy

1) Do you any difference between Aristotle's definition of Tragedy and Dryden’s definition of play?

Answer) I find difference between Aristotle's definition of tragedy and Dryden’s definition of the play .

Aristotle's definition :-
    " Tragedy , then, is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude; in language embellished with each kind of artistic ornament, the several kinds being found in separate parts of the play ; in the form of action, not of narrative; through pity and fear effecting the proper purgation of these emotions . "

Dryden’s definition :-
  " A play ought to be a just and lively image of human nature, representing its passions and humours and the changes of the fortune to which it is subject , for the delight and instruction of mankind .

             Aristotle's definition of tragedy has three parts . First is lovely image of human nature , second is it represents passions and humour and changes of future. And third is its purpose which gives delight and instructions to mankind . Aristotle's tragedy ends with Catharsis whereas Dryden’s play ends with delight and instruction . I can see other difference between Aristotle's and Dryden’s definition that tragedy has sadness end whereas play has pleasure and delightness end. Tragedy creates seriousness whereas play represents humour.

2) If you are supposed to give your personal predilection, would you be on the side of the Ancient or the modern? Please give reasons .

Answer )   I prefer both Ancient and Modern . Both are true and necessary on its place . We can say that Moderns are still imitating the ancient .
         We can say that without roots, tree can't stand and without foundation building can't sustain . So,  we can say that all are necessary for eachother progress and newness is necessary to eachother .
           Without support of ancient modern cannot grow more.  For our more progress oldness and moderness both are necessary . Innovation is important for development of any field .

3) Do you think the arguments presented in favour of the French plays and against English plays are appropriate ? (say for example, Death should not be performed as it is neither just not 'liely' image, displaying duel fight with blunted swords, thousands of soldiers marching represented as five on stage, mingling of mirth and serious , multiple plots etc. )

Answer)  French playwright follow the Ancient and favour the unity of time and obsedve it very carefully . In  terms of unity of place they are equally sincere. In most of their plays, the entire action is limited to one place. And unity of action is even more obvious ; plays are never congested with sub plots as is the case with English plays.  In English plays the character relates to life and therefore, it is proper and reasonable that it should be also in the drama, but in French plays such narrations are more skilled than the Ancients. Dryden portrays the comparative merits and demerits of each in a clearer way . In this essay, as Neander, Dryden favours the violation of those three unities because it leads to the variety in the English plays and these unities  have a narrowing and crumpling effects on the French plays, which are often betrayed into absurdities from which the English plays are free. The violation of unities helps the English playwright to present a livelier image of human nature . In his comparison of English and French drama, Neander characterizes the best proofs of the Elizabethan playwrights.

4) What would be hour preference so far as poetic or prosaic dialogue are concerned in the play?

Answer)  I prefer poetic dialogue than prosaic in play. Poetic may be rhyme verse or Blank verse also.  Poetic dialogues are help for judgement . Rhyme effects on emotions and feelings . Interpretation of poemcan be different. People can read poem with different points of view and different style. Blank verse is poetic prose and it is only fit for comedy. It means we find poetic prose in comedy and use of poetic language audience must get entertainment . 

Wordworths perface

Wordsworth's preface to Lyrical Ballads

  Lyrical Ballads of Wordsworth 

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrical_Ballads

L

yrical Ballads, collection of poems, first published in 1798 by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth, the appearance of which is often designated by scholars as a signal of the beginning of English Romanticism. The work included Coleridge’s “Rime of the Ancient Mariner” and Wordsworth’s “Tintern Abbey,” as well as many controversial common-language poems by Wordsworth, such as “The Idiot Boy.” The “Preface” to the second edition (1800) contains Wordsworth’s famous definition of poetry as the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” and his theory that poetry should be written in “the language really used by men.”

1) What is the basic difference between the poetic creed of 'classicism' and 'Romanticism'?

Answer) There are two ideologies. We can say that, Romanticism is feel they are free to express in simple manner. It means, it is not necessary to follow classical rules of writing. Classicism and Romanticism are artistic movements that have influenced the literature, visual arts, music and architecture of the western world over many countries. In romanticism is celebrates all strong emotions, not just feeling of love. Classicism followed rules whereas Romanticism were free from rules.

2 Why does Wordsworth say what is poet? Rather who is poet?

Answer) Every human passes through the good and bad experiences, but everyone cannot express it in form of poetry. A poet connects to readers with his emotions as well as his imagination. He builds up a just and lively image of an experience. Rather than who is he, what he is matters. This what makes him different from the others.

3) What is poetic diction? Which sort of poetic diction is suggested by Wordsworth in his preface?

Answer) Poetic diction means selection of words. Words worth gave rustic colors to the poetic diction. And also there is new trend of writing poetry and there is new things about Romantic poet bring in their poetry. Words worth talk about the language which is used in poems. He says that the language of poetry should be the language 'really used by man' but it should be a selection of a language.

4) what is poetry?

Answer) According to Words worth, poet has a greater knowledge of human mind. Poetry is a way to express our ideas and feelings. The good poetry is the spontaneous of powerful feelings.

5) Discuss 'Dafodils-1' wandered lonely as a cloud that with reference to Wordsworth's poetic creed.

Answer) "I wandered lonely as acloud" known as a lyric poem,which is written by William Words worth. Words worth describes the beauty of the nature. Throughz the Daffodil 's flower poet shows his great happiness.

Lagan film review

Film Screening: "Lagaan"

Film Screening: "Lagaan"

15 August 2018.

                    We have watched the movie "Lagaan" on the occasion of independence day. This movie released in 2001.."Laggan" movie directed by "Ashutosh Gowariker."

In this film not only entertainments but also covers topics like religion, patriotism, post-colonialism, subaltern ...etc.

• Starting of movie:

                                     This movie starting with flute sound and the coin turn around.The Coin made in Gold and in that coin written " Victorian Empress." 

             There were describe of  scene of village and rural area with moving camera.Normally "Lagaan" means "Tax". In  the past time before independence people always pay tax and king also protected  of people.but here king is very helpless he don't help to people therefore people save kingdom of "Champaner".

• About Food:

                         In the "Lagaan" movie Britisher  ate non vegetarian but king do not eat chicken and non vegetable therefor  The Britisher is forcefully demanded to king eat non vegetable Then he enhanced  tax double King don't agree with him ut also he do announcement in Champaner. 

• Background of rural area :

                       The film maker used to good arrangements like as  background of rural area , simple dialogues, bottom  language, The narrator used deterrents between caste and gender.for example : character of "Kachara". but today age of technology so any caste and religions person proceed and lives life himself.

• Different songs and dance: [ use metaphor]

      

                 During the time of enjoy and e something new  at that time also  presented Song ,Garaba and  Dance.mostly in the movie songs related with god.  When we afraid another person and power there were praying the god for save our life .Directer used of different types of songs instruments like as flute, war songs, shankha...etc.

• Jealousy:

                    When white lady helped of Bhuvan at that time Gauri don't like this matter. but today's time is most different than film of "lagaan'.today we do relationship without any fear of gender,caste and religions.

• Conflict and leadership:

        
                   When we do leadership we will ready for conflict and face to any type of problem. Bhuvan accepted any challenge like as Cricket, experience of Kachara, asking against big personalities...etc .

                                                                               

Paradise lost.

dise lost is an epic poem in blank verse by John Milton. This poem based on the biblical story of the fall of man. In paradise lost we find something different than Biblical story.

Milton’s purpose stated in book I is :
“ to tell about the fall of man and justify God’s ways to man”.
Here in this blog answer of some questions. Our point of view regarding paradise lost's character.

1) Write a critique on the character of Eve.

Eve is the first woman created by God. 

Milton has presented character of Eve in a some different way than Bible. Eve is physically more attractive than Adam. Hence, satan overcome by her beauty but she is not as strong physically or intellectually as Adam and she seduced by satan and eats the fruit of the tree of knowledge.

 First she made some argue with satan:

“But if this tree we may not taste nor touch, God so commanded, and left that command sole daughter of his voice: the rest, we live law to ourselves; our reason is our law”?

First she wants to become more knowledgeable than Adam so she decides that not to tell about this fruit to Adam but , after she become afraid that if God will angry about her this act and curse her for her disobedience then Adam will remain and she will cursed.so after she decides to tell about it to Adam and temps him also but when Adam makes some argument about this forbidden fruit at that time she says:
“This tree is not, as we are told, a tree if danger tasted, not to evil unknown opening the way, but if Devine effect to open eyes, and make them Gods Who taste; And hath been tasted such”.

She deserves all Praise for her beauty and she is beloved of Adam. Milton has portrayed weakness of women through the character of Eve. Milton has portrayed Eve weaker than Adam. She easily tempted by satan. She is superior than Adam only in her beauty.Eve is certainly not a feminist heroine. Milton shows role of women in society during his time.

2) Whose argument did you find more convincing?

In Milton’s paradise lost book IX, there are three characters more lively:
i. Eve
ii. Edam
iii. Satan
God’s character We find as a minor character. According to my point of view Adam’s argument is more convincing, because Eve is easily tempted by satan than Adam. We find Eve’s character as weaker than Adam. So satan decides to tempt or deceipt her than Adam. As like Eve , Adam was also alone but satan find Eve is better for his aim than Adam. When Eve tell Adam that they can do more work if they work separately. Adam knows what Eve is more likely to be tricked by satan so, he argues against separation:
“ Sole Eve, associate sole, to me beyond
Compare above all living creatures dear!
Well hast thou motioned, well thy thoughts imployed
How we might best fulfill the work which here
God hath assigned us, nor of me shalt pass
Unpraised; for nothing a lovelier can be foun
In woman than to study household good,
And good works in her husband to promote”.
He can’t easily accept her argument for separation. But after some debate he yields to Eve’s argument, not because her argument is better but, he does not want to hurt her feeling. Always Adam shows the proper respect and relationship in graceful speech and manners.
After when Eve comes to Adam and force him to eat fruit at that time also Adam makes argument with Eve and feels grief for their separation.
“ she gave him of that fair enticing fruit
With liberal hand. He scrupled not to eat,
Against his better knowledge not deceived.”
But then  Adam becomes emotional with her charm and eats the fruit of the tree of knowledge because he bear to be without Eve. He understands Eve’s sin in eating the apple, but he ignores his reason and eats because of his love and desire for Eve. When Adam tells Raphael that Eve’s beauty affects him so much:
“ That what she wills to do or say,
Seems wisest, virtuosest, discreetest, best;”
But Raphael warns  Adam that this attitude toward Eve is not proper and that satan could use it to tempt the humans. At the end Adam’s attitude toward Eve leads directly to his fall.
If I want to say that instead of being emotional with Eve’s argument Adam should be make more argument and it is not necessary for him to eat a fruit. Due to his this mistake his falls happens.we find Adam’s argument with Eve:
“best are all things as the will of God ordained them; his creating hand nothing imperfect or deficient left of all that he created much less man, or aught that might his happy state secure, secure from outward force, within himself the danger lies yet lies within his power; against his will he can receive no harm.But God left free the will; for what obeys reason is free; and reason he made right?”
So I find that Adam’s argument is more convincing according to my point of view.

3)How do you look at divine perspective in the Genesis of the holy Bible and human perspective in John Milton’s paradise lost book IX?

In holy book Bible we find God at the centre of world. Bible represented God centric world. God was at the centre whereas all human beings as like puppet. Everything done by God. Bible represents God’s character as a lively character and a central character. We find that due to God’s creation of forbidden tree “ fall of man”  happens. God curse her also her children for her disobedience work.

Fruit was forbidden by God, but Eve
tempted by satan and ate fruit.
In Genesis:
  God “ created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him, male and female he created them”.

Now place of divine perspective is taken by Human perspective. In paradise lost Milton’s style of presenting is unique. We find in Milton’s paradise lost human  as the central character of world. He has not presented God as a central character. Milton is as a human being and as a poet wrote human perspective.

In Milton’s paradise lost we find Eve is responsible or Due to Eve’s action fall of man happens. Eve’s disobedience at centre. Milton gives voice to character of Eve, Adam and satan while God remains as aloof or just flat character. Eve wanted to become knowledgeable and so she tries to eat fruit from forbidden tree of knowledge.

 Her intension was to become more knowledgeable and come to know about Good and evil as like God.

So we find in paradise lost Milton has written in a different way or angel than Bible. In Bible we find divine perspective is prominent while in paradise lost ' Human perspective'  is principle than divine.

sarojini naydu as poet

NAME :  Rathod Nirali J. 

Roll no: 33

Paper-4: Indian writing in English

Topic: Sarojini Naydu as poet

Enrolment no: 2069108420190039

Email I’d: niralijrathod@gmail.com

Submitted To: Smt. S. b. Gardi department of English

·  Sarojini Naydu as poet

Introduction:

Sarojini Naidu, chottopadhyay. She was an Indian independence activist and poet. She born on in a Bengali Hindu family at Hyderabad . she was educated in Chennai, London and Cambridge. She was married Dr. Govindaraju

Naidu and settled down in Hyderabad. She took part in the national movement, Gandhi and fought for the attainment of swaraj. She became the president of Indian national congress and later she was appointed to the Government of the united province, now shutter Pradesh. Known as the ‘Nightingale of India.’ Naidu was also a noted poet. Her poetry includes children’s poems, nature  poem, poems of love and death. She also wrote poetry in praise of Muslim figures like Imam Hussain. 

She was the eldest of the eight siblings. Her brother virendrananth chattopadhyaya was a revolutionary, and another brother Harindranath was a poet, a dramatist, and an actor.

 

At the age of 12, she attained national fame. She passed her matriculation examination at madras university. Naidu father wanted her to became a mathematician or scientist, but sarojini naidu was great interested in poetry field. This inherited qualities also she get from her parent. She was quite bright girl, her strong determination and great interest in poetry scared her mind towards poetry writing.

Most of the poets the India presents their poetry in mother tongue only. Those who present poetry in languages other their own have not successeded as sarojini naidu. Few people write poetry in English and in some of them very few people became famous. among them sarojini naidu stand first, her poems are praised not only in India but all over the world. She started writing poem in English. nizam of Hyderabad, offered her scholarship   to study in ,impressed her poetry writing. At very little age, she got experience of study in kings college in London. She also advised o follow the Indian theme for writing poetry by famous laureates, gausse. Her collection at the beginning of contemporary Indian life styles, events, culture .

Marriage life in naidu :

Yovindrajilu, a non Brahmin and doctor by profession was the lover of sarojini at the age of 15, she met him first time, after completing her studies, at  the age of 19. She married him too. during the inter cast marriages not allowed. It was a revolutionary step even her father also gave support to her endeavor. Sarojini had a hsppily married life, she had four children, padmini, jaysurya, randheer and Lellamani.

Sarojini naidu as a poet :

Indian writing in English enters the main stream of modern vernacular literatures. But it really began with the time of reforming . raja ram Mohan roy was out of them. In India out of all celebrated women Mrs. Sarojini name written in the golden words in the field of literature in English poetry. She solved the problems of women in their contempory time. Her birthday is also celebrated as woman’s day. She was written poems on religion, country women’s freedom, culture, tradition and nature also became the main subjects of her poetry. About her life we can also say that: she was the creature of the nature. She was nature poems symbolizes of the suffering of her life. Even in sorrow, that shows herself as a symbol in her poetry writing. Romantic blood also spread in her body:

My ancestors for thousand of year have been lovers of the forest and mountain cave, greater dreamers ,scholar and ascetics. There are all other qualities we go through in her famous works of literature.

At that time, Symons also became very superisable. She founding her one kind of very strong spirit she was in her age, she was elder than her age.

Edmund Gosse said about her. She was child of 16, but was already marvelous in mental maturity amazingly well read and far beyond a western child in All her acquaintance with world.

Some great and imaginative works are sarojini  naidu the golden threshold with an Introduction by Arthur Symons.

1)     Ecstasy

2)    Autumn song

3)    A rajput love song

4)    The poet’s love song

5)     A love song from the north

There are some great works on main theme of love. Romantic poet also a bove some of the selective poems of sarojini naidu, lets glimpse over an example of the poem Ecstasy.

Cover mine eyes, o my love!

Mine eyes that are weary of bliss

As of light is poignant and strong

O silences my Lip weary of song!

Shelter my soul, o my Love!

My lips that are weary of song!

Shelter my soul,o my love!

My soul is beat low with the pain,

And the burden of love, like the grace

Of a flower that is smitten

With rain: o shelter my soul from the face.

This poem is her great passionate and emotion towards the love theme, even she was also most probably symbolism poet. Because we can see in her most of poem is symbolical. Sometime she shows different and her meaning to say is sometimes different. She was also lover of the nature. She also wrote good nature poems and even she also known Urdu, Bengali, telugu, English and Parisian and through the use of all languages, she became her work more better even if she became most famous in the field of politics more than poet. Sarojini’s

Role in the politics.

The nightingale of India was also interested in the field of politics . she played vital role in it. Naidu was the first Indian woman to became the president of the India national congress and the first woman to became the governor of the uttarpradesh state. She was a great patriot, orator, poet and politician of all the famous women of india. She became the most famous heroins of 20^th century in the field of politics.

In 1905, in the wake or Bengal, she joined the Indian national movement. She also met Gopal Krishna gokhale, ravindranath tagore, mahumad all jinah ,anni besent raman swami ,gandhiji and Jawaharlal Nehru .

She awakened the woman of India . women’s life is not for the kitchen, they are not born for spending time in a limited area this ideology also highlight by this great woman sarojini naidu. She travelled for woman ‘s right. in 1925, she presides as Indian national congress at Kanpur. She also played very vital role during the civil disobedience movement.

She was jailed along with gandhiji and remarkable leaders. In 1942, she was arrested during quit india movement and was jailed for 21 month, a long time with gandhiji. She shared a very close and friendly relationship with Bapu and used to call him Mickey mouse. After independence she was India’s first woman as a state of governor and after in march 2,1949 the nightingale of the indie, died in office and with this mother India loose her one greatest and sweetest child as, nightingale.

In this way , during her all the life time, she played very vital role in many fields, she was first of all great and very prominent poet, politician, orator, president and strong observer also. She was mingling of many great and unique qualities. Her all them works the golden threshold 1905, through she became the voice of india .about the bird of time, Adam goose remarks her that:

A graver must in, The earlier volume.

After the flute players of brindaban, is also a jevel work of her. The lotus, Awake became their soul of the collection and the poem. Nature poems, patriotic poems, poems on love and death even mystricism of life subjects through she became her work more famous. she had genuine or inherited poetic talent and she was also a authentically single of nightingale of the India even.

We want deeper sincerity of motive, a greater courage in speech and earnestness in action .sarojini naidu…

Oh, we want a new breed of men before India can be cleansed of her disease. 

One needs a seer’s vision and an angle’s voice to be of any avil.

Conclusion:  sarojini naidu was the first women governor of utter Pradesh. On 2^nd march 1949, sarojini naidu died at Lucknow, utter Pradesh. She lived her glorious life by her own words. “As long as I have life, as long as blood flows through this arm of mine, I shall not leave the cause of freedom ..i am only a women ,only a poet. But as a woman, I give to yoy the weapons of faith and courage and the weapons of faith and courage and the shield of fortitude. And as a poet, I fling out the banner of song and sound, the bugle call to battle. How shall I kindle the flame which shall waken you men from slavery” her childhood residence at Nampally was bequeathed to the university of Hyderabad by her family and it was christened as ‘The Golden Threshold’ after Naidu’s 1905 publication. The university renamed its school of fine Arts and communication as sarojini naidu school of Arts and communication to honor the Nightingle of India.